The Frank Family Moved Into the Secret Annex on
When the Frank family offset moved to the Netherlands, as Nazi ability began to rising in Germany, they hoped that they had constitute an escape from a homeland in which they, as Jews, were no longer welcome. Though life in Amsterdam got off to a good start — Otto Frank's business was successful, and his daughters Margot and Anne made good friends — it didn't last. As the 1930s ended and German forces threatened kingdom of the netherlands, Otto sought a way to become his family out — or, failing that, a place for them to hide. The post-obit is an excerpt from LIFE's new special edition, Anne Frank: The Diary at 70, available on Amazon and at r etailers everywhere.
On May x, 1940, everyone'southward fears came true.
Germany launched what it chosen Fall Gelb, an attack on the netherlands, France, Belgium, and Luxembourg. On the 13th, Dutch queen Wilhelmina and her cabinet fled, request her subjects to "think of our Jewish compatriots." The next day, German bombers set off a firestorm in Rotterdam that killed well-nigh 900 people and destroyed more than 27,000 buildings. The Dutch commander in chief, General Henri One thousand. Winkelman, had no choice but to surrender.
Some 140,000 Jews lived in the netherlands, and the geography made it difficult to flee. Reichskommissar Arthur Seyss-Inquart ran the new civil administration and, at the outset, many hoped that the occupying forces would not undermine day-to-day life. "When the Germans came in May 1940, they seemed to be proper men," recalled Joop Zoutberg, a not-Jew whose father worked in Amsterdam'southward matzo manufactory. "They did no harm that start time."
Just repressions quickly began under SS general Hanns Rauter, who headed national security. Regulations barred Jews from civil service jobs, forced them to disclose their business assets, and segregated Jewish children to all-Jewish schools. "Jews Prohibited" appeared on signs in parks and cafés. [Anne'south friend Eva] Schloss bristled at the restrictions: "At offset it was a nuisance; nosotros couldn't go to the pond puddle or public transport or the cinema." The pic dominion particularly bothered the picture palace-obsessed Anne, and so Otto rented movies and a projector to prove films at abode.
Then, in January 1941, the Germans required Jews to register in order to compile a tape of the country's 159,806 Jews and 19,561 mixed Jews. "This was a system of self-reporting. So everyone with Jewish grandparents had to report that to the authorities," Gertjan Broek, a historian at the Anne Frank Business firm in Amsterdam tells LIFE. "Foreign as it seems today, most people just did that."
Some joined the resistance, stealing ID cards and working with the Allies to demolition bridges. And, later Germans assaulted Jews in the central square in February 1941, the Communist party called for a massive work stoppage. The action, instead of weakening the resolve of the Nazis, but inspired more repression. Full general Rauter crushed the strike, killing 7 and wounding 76; 427 were apprehended and sent to the Buchenwald concentration army camp.
Throughout, Otto's business organisation grew. Needing more space, Opekta moved in December 1940 to a new address: Prinsengracht 263, an early-18th-century canal building most the famed 17th-century Westerkerk church. The narrow brick structure had iv stories and was actually made up of two buildings, ane of which was an annex in the back. Considering of the growing restrictions on Jewish life, Otto quietly transferred control of his business to Jo Kleiman and Victor Kugler.
By now, the Nazis had explicitly laid out their plan to exterminate European Jewry. And, in early 1942, with the United States having entered the war in the wake of the Japanese assail on Pearl Harbor, the Nazis cracked down fifty-fifty more. They issued 569,355 yellow stars marked Jood and required Jews to run up them onto their dress. "My brother, Heinz, told me that a friend of his who took off his star got arrested and he was never seen once again," says Schloss.
With escape from Holland beginning to seem impossible, Otto Frank came up with a different idea.
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He began, with the aid of Kleiman and Kugler, to hatch a program to hide his family in Amsterdam. As a kid, Miep had been a refugee, having been sent past her parents from Vienna to Amsterdam following World State of war I, when there was picayune food to be had in Austria. So when Otto asked her and Jan, whom she had merely married, whether they were willing to take responsibility for a family in hiding, they unhesitatingly said yes. Bep Voskuijl shortly became part of the group of helpers, and Otto invited Hermann van Pels and his family to join them in hiding. They created a modest apartment in the back building at 263, behind the office. To ready the place, they surreptitiously stocked information technology with canned goods, stale fish, grains, and other necessities, besides as furniture, bedding, kitchen utensils, and dishes.
Anne turned 13 in 1942, and for her June birthday political party, Otto rented The Lighthouse by the Sea, starring Rin Tin Tin. Anne had recently admired a cherry-red plaid diary at a volume- shop effectually the corner from their abode and was thrilled to receive information technology as a gift. She called the book "ane of my nicest presents," making her first entry that day, writing, "I hope I will be able to confide everything to y'all as I have never been able to confide to anyone. And I hope you lot volition be a smashing source of comfort and support."
Anne treated her entries similar messages, eventually settling on an imaginary correspondent named Kitty, named for a character from a series of stories by Cissy van Marxveldt virtually a fun and carefree teenage daughter with a best friend named Kitty. Despite what was going on around her, Anne stayed positive, heading with friends to Café Delphi or a local water ice cream parlor, playing tabular array tennis, and filling the diary's early pages with teenage thoughts almost her crushes and friends.
On July five, however, a letter arrived from the government for Margot.
Plans had been announced to send Jews age 16 to 40 to Germany for labor, and Margot was at present being ordered to report. That night Jan and Miep picked up some wearing apparel, towels, and shoes. The girls packed their schoolhouse- bags—"the get-go thing I stuck in was this diary, and then curlers, handkerchiefs, schoolbooks, a rummage, and some onetime messages," wrote Anne. Otto sent a coded letter of the alphabet to his sister, Helene Elias, in Basel, Switzerland, to allow her know that they were going to vanish.
"Nosotros knew and so that they were going to hide," her son, Bernhard, would later say. "Simply we had no idea where. And from then on, there was no contact anymore."
Read more in LIFE's new special edition, Anne Frank: The Diary at 70, available on Amazon and at r etailers everywhere.
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Source: https://time.com/4770800/anne-frank-secret-annex/
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